Abstract On August 18th, after four bidders conducted more than 200 rounds of bidding, the auctioneer sounded the first national auction of China's shale gas exploration rights at the Guizhou Provincial Public Resource Trading Center: Guizhou Industrial Investment (Group) The limited liability company won the bid for 1.29 billion yuan...
On August 18th, after four bidders conducted more than 200 rounds of bidding, the auctioneer sounded the first national shale gas exploration rights auction in Guizhou Province Public Resource Trading Center: Guizhou Industrial Investment (Group) Limited The responsible company won the shale gas prospecting right of Anchang Town (including An page 1 well) in Zhengan County for a price of 1.29 billion yuan.
The sale of shale gas exploration rights through auctions not only means that shale gas development has become an important breakthrough in the reform of China's upstream oil and gas exploration and development system, but also the shale gas block that has been quiet for five years has been resold.
Unlike conventional natural gas, shale gas is adsorbed in shale and needs to be mined from the shale formation. Due to the low permeability of shale gas reservoirs, it is difficult to mine and the capital investment is several times that of conventional natural gas.
In 2009, after conquering technology and cost barriers, the US “shale gas revolution†swept the world, and natural gas production soared to 624 billion cubic meters, replacing Russia as the world's largest natural gas producer. This has brought great imagination to China, which lacks oil and gas, and has been "gas shortage" for many years.
In June 2011, the Ministry of Land and Resources held the tender for the shale gas prospecting rights for the first time. PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC, Yanchang Oil Mine Administration, China United Coalbed Methane and Henan Coalbed Methane were bidding. There are only nine sets of qualified bids for the above six companies, which eventually led to the flow of the two blocks in Guizhou due to the shortage of three effective bidders. The exploration of the Nannanchuan shale gas exploration and the Xiaoxiang Xiushan shale gas exploration block was successfully transferred. .
In March 2012, the State Council officially approved shale gas as the 172th mineral in China, and set up 44 shale gas exploration rights, and began to introduce open tendering system in the field of shale gas. From traditional oil companies to non-oil and gas companies, from state-owned enterprises to private enterprises, they have high hopes for shale gas.
In the second round of open bidding in October 2012, the shale gas exploration rights were favored by capital, and 20 bidding blocks attracted 83 companies to participate in the bidding. The three blocks in Chongqing attracted China. More than 30 companies including the four major oil companies bid. In the end, a total of 16 companies won the bid for 19 of the 20 tender blocks.
Among the 16 successful bidders, there are central enterprises such as Shenhua and Guodian, as well as local state-owned enterprises of Chongqing Energy Investment Group; Huaying Shanxi Energy Investment Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Huaying), a subsidiary of Yongtai Energy, and Beijing Titan Tongyuan Natural Gas Resource Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Beijing Titan) became the only two private enterprises in the successful bidder.
Catch up with the shale gas boom in China, and let the stock price of Yongtai Energy, which is mainly based on coal, be popular in the market. However, after the completion of the above two rounds of bidding, due to the uncertainty of cost, technology and development model, the shale gas development of private enterprises has stagnated.
According to a research report by the China Energy Network Research Center, as of the end of 2015, most of the companies that won the bid in the second round were still developing exploration implementation plans, which did not enter the actual exploration stage. Taking the two private enterprises that won the bid as an example, Beijing Titan only completed the two-dimensional seismic field collection work, and Huaying only completed the drilling and logging of two parameter wells.
To make matters worse: in the second half of 2014, factors such as the collapse of international oil prices, the oversupply of natural gas, and the fall in natural gas prices have brought the global shale gas industry into a “cold winter†and China has not been spared.
"When we are preparing to go on the road, we have encountered a trough of global shale gas development." Tao Shiping, deputy general manager of Sichuan Shale Gas Exploration and Development Co., Ltd. recalled to interface journalists, affected by the above factors, since 2014 Since China’s shale gas officially entered commercial development, the total output to the end of the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†was 5.718 billion square meters, failing to meet the production target of 6.5 billion cubic meters set by the National Energy Administration.
However, this has not shaken the ambition of the Chinese government to develop shale gas. The 13th Five-Year Plan for shale gas issued by the National Energy Administration shows that China's shale gas production target is 30 billion cubic meters in 2020 and 80 billion to 100 billion cubic meters in 2030.
“China’s shale oil is still in the exploratory stage, but the shale gas revolution has begun.†Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute President Kim Jong-soo said at the High-Level Forum on Energy Transformation held on August 21st, “2016 China’s shale gas The output is 7.8 billion cubic meters, an increase of 76.3% compared with 2015. China has become the third largest producer of shale gas, second only to the United States and Canada."
On the wall of Tao Shiping's office, the "Study of the shale gas exploration and development of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin" is hung. In the southeastern margin of the Sichuan Basin marked by this drawing, it is the two major state-owned oil and gas producers in China. The main battlefield for large-scale commercial development of China's shale gas.
“The map shows the favorable shale gas mining area in the southern part of Sichuan, including the three national-level marine shale gas demonstration zones in Changning-Weiyuan, Zhaotong and Fuling.†Tao Shiping said.
“Some old oil fields in China will cut production, and a large number of shale gas production will ease the dependence of China's energy.†Chen Gengsheng, chief expert of shale gas exploration and development of PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, said, “This is an opportunity for China's shale gas revolution. â€
According to the "Energy Development Strategic Action Plan (2014-2020)" issued by the General Office of the State Council, China's natural energy consumption should account for more than 10% of the country's primary energy consumption by 2020. According to the BP World Energy Statistical Yearbook (2017), China's coal and oil production fell by 7.9% and 7.2% in 2016, the largest decline in history, and natural gas production increased by 4.8%.
Chen Gengsheng said that the marine strata in the Sichuan Basin and the surrounding area have accumulated a total of 764.3 billion cubic meters of shale gas reserves. During the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period, China has basically mastered the efficient development technology of shallow sea-phase shale gas of 3,500 meters to realize the large-scale commercial development of shale gas in the Sichuan Basin.
As the two main forces responsible for the development of shale gas in China, PetroChina is mainly engaged in upstream exploration and development, and has intrinsic motivation and demand in discovering new resources, new fields and new layers.
Oil and gas reserves have been inferior to Sinopec's Sinopec, and shale gas resource development has also been regarded as an important opportunity for its key layout of the “long boardâ€.
Sinopec's shale gas development and production volume is in the leading position. “In order to create the upstream 'long board', Sinopec needs to seek breakthroughs in the field of unconventional resource development and achieve oil and gas increase and production. Because it does not have much choice,†said Pan Jiping, a researcher at the Oil and Gas Strategy Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, to the interface journalist.
In December 2015, Sinopec built the first national shale gas demonstration zone, and the first phase of the Fuling national shale gas demonstration zone with a capacity of 5 billion cubic meters. In 2016, the annual gas production capacity of the Fuling Shale Gas Demonstration Zone was 5.05 billion cubic meters.
PetroChina, which has advantages over Sinopec in the upstream sector, has carried out shale gas exploration as early as 2006, but the first national shale gas demonstration zone – Sichuan Changning-Weiyuan national shale with an annual production capacity of 2.5 billion cubic meters The gas industry demonstration zone was completed one month later than Sinopec. The scale of production capacity is only half of that of Sinopec. In 2016, the shale gas production in the demonstration area was 2.3 billion cubic meters. Together with the output of the Zhaotong demonstration area, PetroChina's annual production of shale gas in southern Sichuan exceeded 2.8 billion cubic meters.
Chen Gengsheng believes that PetroChina's shale gas development is dominated by “stableâ€, mainly to steadily advance technology reserves and strategic reserves. “PetroChina has defined the shale gas enrichment rules in the Sichuan Basin, implemented resources, and locked in favorable areas. The cost of single well construction has dropped from 130 million yuan to 50 million yuan, and the yield of Changning-Weiyuan demonstration area is higher than that of PetroChina. 8% of the formulation," he said.
At present, PetroChina has completed the “Preliminary Plan for Medium- and Long-Term Development Planning of Longmaxi Formation Shale Gas in Southern Sichuan†(hereinafter referred to as “China Petroleum shale gas medium- and long-term planningâ€). According to the plan, the largest oil and gas producer in China plans to make shale gas a new growth pole for PetroChina and build the southern Sichuan region into China's largest shale gas production base.
PetroChina plans to produce more than 12 billion cubic meters of shale gas by 2020, and the Changning block and the Weiyuan block each account for 5 billion cubic meters.
The leading Sinopec is also adding shale gas. It signed a strategic cooperation agreement with the Chongqing Municipal People's Government during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. It will build 1 million cubic meters of production capacity by the end of 2017 and build 15 billion cubic meters of shale gas capacity in Chongqing at the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan. In addition, Sinopec plans to explore and develop 215.37 square kilometers of shale gas in Yongchuan-Rongchang block, with an annual production capacity of 2 billion cubic meters.
Jin Zhijun predicts that China's shale gas production will reach 80 billion cubic meters in 2030. PetroChina will produce 50 billion cubic meters of shale gas in the southeast of Sichuan, and Sinopec's output will reach 30 billion cubic meters.
“To achieve such a plan, there are huge challenges.†Jin Zhijun said, “The shale gas is very strange, and it will be released after the well is hit.†This is different from conventional natural gas.
In order to support the development of domestic shale gas industry, the Chinese government has introduced a subsidy policy for the development and utilization of shale gas. From 2012 to 2015, the central government will subsidize shale gas mining enterprises according to the standard of 0.4 yuan/m3; in 2015, the Chinese government will The shale gas subsidy standard during the 13th Five-Year Plan period was adjusted to 0.3 yuan/m3 for the first three years and 0.2 yuan/m3 for the next two years.
According to Sinopec's 2016 annual report, the Fuling shale gas field began to fully promote the second phase of capacity construction in 2016. As of the end of 2016, it has invested a total of 29.3 billion yuan.
In 2017, Sinopec expects to spend 50.5 billion yuan in the upstream exploration and development sector, an increase of 5.4% over the previous year. It will focus on the project of capacity building such as Fuling shale gas; CNPC's capital expenditure in the exploration and development sector in 2017 It was 143.6 billion yuan, an increase of about 10% over the previous year.
“As an energy central enterprise, in addition to taking responsibility for the development of national shale gas, enterprises should also consider the efficiency of input and output.†Chen Gengsheng said, “The whole life cycle plan of Changning and Weiyuan blocks (2013-2047) The internal rate of return was 12.37% and 9.85%, respectively, both higher than the bottom line of China Petroleum's low yield.
However, China does not currently have the shale gas development technology with a depth of more than 3,500 meters. At present, more than half of the resources in the southern Sichuan Basin with a depth of more than 3,500 meters are built. The effective development of this part of the resources will affect the development scale of the 13th Five-Year China shale gas.
Although the development cost of single well in China's shale gas has been controlled at a medium level in North America, the geological engineering conditions in the production block are quite different, and the drilling fracturing process is complicated. Further improving the single well production puts higher requirements on the process technology and continues to reduce. Costs will also face difficulties.
PetroChina plans to use 3,500 meters of shallow blocks in the four years after the 13th Five-Year Plan. In 2018-2019, the platform drilling cycle will be reduced by 50 days, and the single well comprehensive cost will be reduced to 45 million yuan. After 2020, the platform drilling cycle will be repeated. After falling for 20 days, the comprehensive cost of a single well fell to 40 million yuan, and the production of shale gas of more than 12 billion cubic meters was completed.
While solving the production-side problems, China's shale gas development may also encounter market bottlenecks. As China's economic growth slows down, the prices of traditional fossil fuels such as oil and coal fall sharply, the competitiveness of natural gas declines, and consumption growth slows down noticeably. Not only that, the current domestic natural gas production has grown steadily, and the impact of imported natural gas such as China, Russia, Central Asia, China, Myanmar and LNG has limited market access for shale gas.
"According to the current energy consumption structure, natural gas consumption during the '13th Five-Year Plan' period has increased significantly, but shale gas is more expensive than conventional natural gas development, and market development is more difficult than conventional natural gas," said Tao Shiping.
Environmental issues are also one of the unavoidable issues in shale gas development. For example, the construction of shale gas well site will affect and destroy the surface vegetation. During the development and gathering process, methane may be dissipated or abnormally leaked. The shale gas production and transformation will cause surface vibration, increase production and transformation, and use large amounts of water, drilling fluid and pressure. Improper handling of the fluid after it has been returned to the tank may cause pollution.
The Medium and Long-Term Plan of PetroChina Shale Gas proposes that to complete the production target, it needs to occupy about 1800 mu of land and about 20 million cubic meters of water; about 1.9 million tons of water-based cuttings and about 720,000 tons of oil-based cuttings. The amount of liquid returning is about 6 million square meters.
PetroChina said that the water-based cuttings produced by shale gas production will be fully solidified and landfilled and resourced after harmless treatment, and the LRET equipment will be used to treat oil-based cuttings. After treatment, the oil content is less than 1%. Laying on the road. In addition, PetroChina will also fully use the mud without falling, and the dewatered drilling mud is used to prepare the sintered brick.
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