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Cubic silicon carbide, also known as β-SiC, is a member of the cubic crystal system, closely resembling the diamond structure. With a Mohs hardness of 9.25 to 9.6, it comes very close to diamond in terms of hardness. Its polishing and finishing performance significantly outperforms white corundum and α-SiC (black and green silicon carbide). At temperatures above 1600°C, β-SiC maintains ultra-high strength, excellent creep resistance, and fracture resistance. As a semiconductor material, it exhibits much higher conductivity than α-SiC. Additionally, β-SiC has superior thermal conductivity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, resulting in minimal thermal stress during heating and cooling. It is a low-temperature crystalline form, and when heated above 1800°C, it undergoes structural transformation. In terms of specific gravity, β-SiC is about half that of most alloys, roughly 40% of steel's density, and similar to aluminum.
There are three main production methods for β-SiC: laser synthesis, plasma processing, and solid-phase synthesis. The first two techniques mainly produce nano- and sub-micron powders but often fail to achieve full particle density due to short synthesis times, leading to lower purity. Solid-phase synthesis, while more established, still presents significant technical challenges. Currently, only one company in Shaanxi, Xikeboer, has successfully achieved high crystallinity, high purity, and batch production of β-SiC, with products available on the market for many years. Most other manufacturers remain at the theoretical or experimental stage, producing materials with issues such as low β-phase content, high impurities, and difficulties in mass production.
β-SiC micropowder possesses remarkable properties, including high chemical stability, exceptional hardness, excellent thermal conductivity, a low thermal expansion coefficient, a wide band gap, high electron drift velocity, and mobility. These characteristics make it highly resistant to wear, heat, thermal shock, corrosion, and radiation, while also exhibiting good semiconducting behavior. It finds extensive applications in electronics, information technology, precision manufacturing, military, aerospace, advanced refractories, special ceramics, grinding materials, and reinforcement composites.
Due to its diamond-like structure, β-SiC particles are spherical, offering superior wear and corrosion resistance, along with excellent thermal conductivity and a low expansion coefficient. This makes it ideal for use in special coatings. When applied to common materials, β-SiC can significantly extend their service life. For instance, standard carbon steel drill bits may only drill 1–2 holes before wearing out, whereas those coated with β-SiC can drill 20–50 holes. Similarly, aluminum alloy pistons in engines suffer from heavy wear, but coating them with β-SiC can increase their lifespan by 30–50 times.
As a precision abrasive, β-SiC surpasses white corundum and α-SiC in efficiency, greatly improving surface finish. Although many polishing materials exist, they often cost dozens or even hundreds of times more than β-SiC. However, in various fields, β-SiC’s grinding performance is comparable to diamond, and in some cases—such as grinding stainless steel, silicon wafers, and glass—it even exceeds diamond in finish, though at a fraction of the cost.
In the stainless steel grinding industry, white corundum-based oil stones and grinding discs are widely used, but their polishing performance is relatively high while their service life is short. By contrast, β-SiC-based abrasives offer better finish, stronger grinding force, and longer life. For example, replacing white corundum oil stones with β-SiC ones can improve bearing polishing by 2–3 grades, extend product life by 5–8 times, and reduce the frequency of oil stone replacements, thus lowering labor intensity and increasing productivity. β-SiC-based abrasive pastes, polishing liquids, high-precision abrasive cloth belts, and super-abrasive coatings also show great potential in various industrial applications.