Factors affecting pig growth and breeding by raw materials and countermeasures

1. Corn LMj China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

Corn is an annual grass plant belonging to the genus Zea, native to South America. It is one of the most widely cultivated crops globally, with major production in the United States, China, and other countries. There are two main types: early-maturing and late-maturing corn. Early-maturing varieties have round kernels, smooth tops, bright color, and high hardness, rich in protein and a firm texture. Late-maturing corn has flat kernels with concave tops, duller color, and lower protein content. Due to its high starch and fat content, corn is a key energy source for pig farming.

When harvesting, broken kernels can lead to nutrient loss and even toxin formation. These damaged kernels are often contaminated, so it's important to minimize grinding pressure during harvest or storage to prevent insect damage and protect the outer layers. Proper handling ensures better quality and safety for animal feed.

Un-dried corn stored after harvest is prone to mold and spoilage, which can reduce feeding effectiveness and even produce zearalenone, a toxin that may cause false pregnancy in sows, affecting their growth. To prevent this, moisture levels should be kept below 14% during storage, and pest control is essential. One effective method involves placing wet corn into sealed plastic bags, filling them tightly to limit oxygen. This creates an environment where harmful molds like Aspergillus flavus struggle to grow, making it a cost-effective and promising storage technique.

Old corn is often preferred over fresh corn in pig feed because it has lower moisture and higher nutritional value, helping to prevent mold issues. This makes it a safer and more stable option for livestock diets.

2. Bran LMj China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

Bran is the byproduct of grain processing, containing parts of the endosperm, seed coat, and embryo. It is high in crude fiber but low in energy, yet rich in crude protein (12.5–17%) and B-vitamins. Its loose texture helps regulate nutrient balance in pig diets and improves the physical properties of concentrated feeds. Additionally, bran has a mild laxative effect, which can help postpartum sows maintain healthy digestion when used appropriately.

However, if bran becomes spoiled, it should not be fed to pigs, as it can cause digestive issues, including diarrhea, which negatively affects growth. Also, excessive use of bran in compound feed can lead to constipation due to its strong water-absorbing properties. The amount of bran should be adjusted according to the pig’s size and age for optimal results.

3. Soybean Meal LMj China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

Soybeans originate from China and are mainly grown in regions such as Northeast China, North China, and Inner Mongolia. According to research from the Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, soybeans contain 36.2% crude protein and 16.1% crude fat, making them ideal for pig feed. Soybean meal, derived from oil extraction, is a valuable protein source.

The proportion of soybean meal in compound feed should be adjusted based on the pig’s growth stage and nutritional needs. Too much or too little can affect performance. Additionally, variations in protein content due to weather conditions in producing areas require careful monitoring. Regular testing is essential to detect adulteration—such as the presence of hydrolyzed feather powder or inorganic nitrogen—and ensure the quality of the meal.

The color of soybean meal should be light yellow; overly dark indicates overcooking, while very pale suggests under-processing. Both extremes reduce digestibility and may harm pig growth. Therefore, proper processing and quality checks are crucial for effective utilization.

4. Fishmeal LMj China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

Fishmeal is an animal-based protein feed, also considered an energy concentrate. Its high-quality protein and balanced calcium-phosphorus ratio make it an important supplement in pig diets. However, due to its high cost, fishmeal is often adulterated with substances like feather meal or leather powder, sometimes at rates as high as 70–80%. Conventional protein tests may not detect these additives, so expert testing is recommended before purchase.

Fishmeal should be added strategically based on the specific needs of the feed, rather than being included in all formulations. This approach helps optimize costs and improve feed efficiency. When buying fishmeal, always prioritize quality, ensuring that it meets strict standards for purity and nutrition. Using only certified, high-quality fishmeal guarantees better results in pig production.