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With the increasing use of CNC machine tools in industrial production, the design of CNC programs has become a critical aspect of machining processes. During the programming phase, it is essential to select the appropriate cutting tools in real-time and determine the proper cutting parameters through human-computer interaction. Therefore, programmers must have a thorough understanding of tool selection methods and the principles behind determining cutting parameters. This ensures the quality and efficiency of the machined parts, maximizes the advantages of CNC machines, and enhances the economic benefits and overall productivity of the enterprise.
CNC machining tools typically consist of general-purpose tools, universal shanks, and a limited number of specialized shanks. The tool holder connects the cutting tool to the power head of the machine, and as such, it is standardized and mass-produced. There are various ways to classify CNC tools based on different criteria.
First, according to the structure of the tool, they can be categorized into:
1. Monolithic tools – these are made from a single piece of material.
2. Modular tools – these are constructed from multiple components.
3. Tools that use welding or mechanical clamping for assembly. Mechanical clamping tools can further be divided into non-indexable and indexable types.
4. Specialized tools, such as composite tools, shock-absorbing tools, and others.
Second, based on the materials used in their manufacture, CNC tools can be classified into:
1. High-speed steel tools – known for their toughness and versatility.
2. Carbide tools – offer high hardness and wear resistance.
3. Diamond tools – ideal for machining extremely hard materials.
4. Other materials, such as cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools and ceramic tools, which are used in specific applications requiring high performance.
Third, based on the cutting process, CNC tools can be grouped as follows:
1. Turning tools – including external turning, internal turning, threading, and parting tools.
2. Drilling tools – such as twist drills, reamers, and taps.
3. Milling tools – used for shaping surfaces with rotating cutters.
4. Cutting tools – designed for operations like grooving and slotting.
Understanding the types and characteristics of these tools helps in selecting the right ones for specific machining tasks, thereby improving efficiency and reducing costs in manufacturing processes.