Solar photovoltaic module bracket design selection

**1. Introduction** Solar photovoltaic modules generate electricity directly in proportion to the intensity and duration of sunlight, as well as the placement and tilt angle of the panels. However, many existing mounting brackets are fixed and cannot be adjusted, leading to relatively low power generation efficiency. To address this issue, a latitude-based, adjustable PV system bracket has been designed for different regions. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the connection methods, material selection, types of brackets, and load calculations for the photovoltaic module support system. The new design allows for horizontal angle adjustments based on specific needs, offering high structural strength suitable for use in areas with strong winds or heavy snowfall. With its flexibility and durability, this system holds significant potential for future applications in both ground-mounted and rooftop solar projects. In the context of global energy shortages and increasing environmental challenges, sustainable development has become a critical goal. The importance of clean, renewable energy sources has never been greater. While various alternatives like water, wind, and tidal energy have been explored, their total availability remains insufficient to meet global energy demands. Solar energy, on the other hand, is abundant, widely distributed, and can be used indefinitely. It has enormous potential for development, especially in the 21st century, where solar photovoltaic technology has advanced rapidly. In the coming years, solar power is expected not only to replace part of traditional energy sources but also to become a primary energy source worldwide, driving a transformation in energy production. According to predictions from the European Union's Joint Research Centre (JRC), renewable energy will account for over 80% of the global energy mix by the end of the century, with solar energy making up more than 60% of that share. This highlights the strategic importance of solar energy in the future. The solar photovoltaic module bracket plays a vital role in supporting fixed solar panels. Ensuring the safety and reliability of the bracket is essential for maximizing the efficiency of the photovoltaic system. Depending on the type of installation, bracket systems can be classified into single-column, dual-column, matrix, roof, wall, and tracking system brackets. Installation methods include floor, roof, and building-integrated systems. **2. PV Module Bracket Design** **2.1 PV Module Bracket Structure** Most commercially available solar brackets are fixed and do not allow for angle adjustments. Tracking systems, while effective, often require significant labor and resources, resulting in limited cost-effectiveness. This paper presents an adjustable PV bracket system tailored for different latitudes (as shown in Figure 1). The system allows for horizontal angle adjustments, making it suitable for both ground-based and rooftop photovoltaic installations. The bracket uses a high-carbon steel structure with hot-dip galvanized surfaces, ensuring durability and cost-effectiveness. It can withstand harsh environments and is ideal for areas with strong winds or heavy snowfall. The system includes a triangular main bracket, a support connection mechanism, a scale positioning plate, positioning holes, a plunger-type scale pin, a pallet, a pressure plate, a bearing sleeve, a connecting rod, and a foot support. The triangular welding structure ensures simplicity and robustness, capable of handling substantial loads. **2.2 PV Module Bracket Connection** During installation, the base is secured using embedded bolts, as shown in Figure 2. The foot support at the bottom of the bracket is inserted into the base and connected via bolts. The photovoltaic module is then mounted using the support mechanism, with the angle adjusted using the scale positioning plate and positioning pin. For matrix solar installations, adjacent brackets are fastened together using fastening tabs to enhance stability, as illustrated in Figure 3. **2.3 PV Module Bracket Material Selection** Currently, three common materials are used for solar brackets in China: concrete, steel, and aluminum alloy. Concrete brackets are typically used in large-scale solar farms due to their high stability, though they are limited to open areas. Aluminum alloy brackets are lightweight and corrosion-resistant, making them ideal for rooftop applications, but they lack sufficient load-bearing capacity for large-scale projects. The steel bracket designed in this paper offers stable performance, mature manufacturing, high load capacity, easy installation, and excellent anti-corrosion properties. It features a unique connection design, allowing for quick and convenient installation. Steel and stainless steel components have a service life of over 20 years. **2.4 PV Module Bracket Load Analysis** The strength of the bracket must account for fixed loads (such as the weight of the panels), wind loads, and snow loads. Wind loads include pressure from the front and back of the bracket, while snow loads depend on factors such as slope, depth, and area. **2.4.1 Snow Load Analysis** Snow load is calculated using the formula: $$ S = C_s \cdot P \cdot Z_s \cdot A_s $$ Where: - $ S $ is the snow load, - $ C_s $ is the slope coefficient, - $ P $ is the average unit mass of snow (typically 19.6 N or higher), - $ Z_s $ is the vertical snow depth on the ground, - $ A_s $ is the snow area. The slope coefficient varies depending on the terrain and is listed in Table 1. **2.4.2 Wind Load Analysis** The bracket is tested to ensure it meets strength and deflection requirements under wind speeds of 27 m/s. Normal stress and deflection are calculated to verify structural integrity. **2.4.3 Tensile and Compressive Strength of the Support Arm** Under wind loads, the support arm experiences tensile and compressive forces. Calculations confirm that the design meets safety standards, ensuring long-term reliability. **3. Application Prospects** With global energy challenges intensifying, solar energy has emerged as a key solution. Its abundance and sustainability make it a promising alternative to fossil fuels. As solar photovoltaic systems become more widespread, the need for reliable and durable mounting solutions grows. This paper introduces a new PV module bracket that not only improves efficiency through adjustable angles but also ensures strong resistance to wind, snow, and corrosion. It is suitable for both ground and rooftop applications, offering a bright future for solar power generation. By addressing the limitations of conventional brackets, this design enhances the practicality and scalability of solar energy systems, paving the way for broader adoption.

Garden Light

Garden lights are outdoor lighting fixtures that are specifically designed to illuminate gardens, pathways, and other outdoor spaces. They come in a variety of styles and designs, including post lights, spotlights, wall-mounted lights, and hanging lanterns. Garden lights can be powered by electricity or solar energy, and they typically feature energy-efficient LED bulbs. They are an essential element of outdoor decor, providing both functional illumination and aesthetic appeal. Garden lights can be used to highlight specific features of a garden, create a warm and welcoming atmosphere, and enhance the overall beauty of an outdoor space.

Garden Light, Led Outdoor Lighting, courtyard lamp, Outdoor Garden Light With Aluminum Housing

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