China, which accounts for only 36% of the world's rare earth reserves, accounts for 97% of world production. Is the US, Japan, and EU that are labelling China's “Rare Earth Monopolist†label a rare “victim†of rare earths? A war without smoke is taking place between the EU, the US, Japan and China. On March 13, the United States, the European Union and Japan jointly filed a quota on China's exports of rare earths and other raw materials to the World Trade Organization (WTO) to file a trade lawsuit against China, requiring China to lift export restrictions. This is the most intense confrontation between China and the United States on the issue of rare earths. This confrontation will not only determine whether the international status of rare earth resources such as rare earth resources is not proportional to the value, but will also have a profound impact on protecting China's precious rare earth resources and the surrounding ecological environment and achieving sustainable development. The controversy of this confrontation is that the US, Japan, Europe and other economies are trying to change China's rare earth quota policy through WTO litigation, so as to smoothly obtain more cheap rare earth from China. Odd goods can live? In fact, since the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology formulated the “Special Plan for the Development of Rare Earth Industry (2009~2015)†in 2009, the debate on rare earth resources at home and abroad has never stopped. The importance of rare earth products such as “two high and one capital†has become more and more important for industrial development. Rare earths are scarce resources and widely used. Almost all of the high-precision electronic products we have seen are rare indispensable materials. China accounts for 36% of the 100 million tons of proven reserves in the world. Since the beginning of the 1990s, China has gradually become the world's largest supplier of rare earths with the advantage of low price and quantity. It has long been responsible for more than 90% of the world's rare earth supply. The huge supply burden has led to the development of China's rare earth industry is too extensive, and the scale of the industry is based on excessive consumption of resources. Extensive development has also exacerbated environmental degradation around the origin of rare earths. In recent years, in order to protect environmental resources from damage and achieve the strategic goal of sustainable development, China has implemented a very strict export quota management system for rare earths. It is this quota system that has led the United States, the European Union, and Japan to jointly sue China against the WTO on the issue of rare earths. When China was jointly sued, and even when some of the speeches were titled “Rare Earth Monopolistâ€, did the distributors of these statements really lack rare earth resources? China is currently accounting for 90% of the world's rare earth reserves with 36% of the world's rare earth reserves. In fact, in other countries except China, rare earth reserves are also abundant. The United States, Russia, and Australia all have rare earth reserves that account for a large proportion of the world's reserves. What is the reason for this? The huge environmental damage during the mining of rare earths has caused the United States, Russia, Australia and other countries to reduce or even abandon the exploitation of their own rare earths and switch to low-cost rare earths imported from China. Take the pool leaching process of rare earth mining as an example: on average, for every ton of rare earth mined, at least 200 square meters of vegetation and topsoil will be stripped, and no more than 2000 cubic meters of tailings that can acidify the soil will be produced. According to statistics, the Ministry of Commerce's 2011 rare earth export quota was divided into two rounds, totaling 30,184 tons. However, as of November 2011, China has exported a total of 14,750 tons of rare earths, accounting for only 49% of the total annual export quotas. A large number of export quotas have not been used. Even if China implements export quota management, will countries such as the United States and Japan really lack rare earths? US energy policy analyst Marc Humphries submitted a report to the Congress in July 2010 entitled "Rare Earth Elements: Global Supply Chain", detailing the 2009 rare earth related data for various countries: In 2009, China's rare earth reserves were 36 million tons, accounting for 36% of the world; production is 120,000 tons, accounting for 97% of world production. In stark contrast to China, the US's rare earth reserves in 2009 were 13 million tons, accounting for 13% of the world, with zero production; Russia's reserves were 19 million tons, accounting for 19% of the world, with zero production; Australia's reserves were 5.4 million tons. The output is zero; India's reserves are 3.1 million tons, accounting for 3% of the world, and the output is 2,700 tons, accounting for 2% of the world. The United States is very smart in its rare earth strategy. Adopt a strategy of not only mining, but reserves from imports. The US has 13 million tons of rare earth reserves, second only to China and Russia. However, in recent years, rare earth production in the United States has almost come to a standstill An industry insider told reporters that in 2002, the Mountain Pass rare earth mine in California was closed due to market factors and the low price of rare earth products in China. However, at the end of 2010, the US rare earth mines have begun to resume production. The US molybdenum company plans to achieve an annual production capacity of 19,000 tons of REO (the total amount of ionic phase rare earth oxides) in the first phase. However, according to market demand, the annual output will soon increase to 40,000 tons. Japan is slightly different. Japan lacks rare earths on land and is currently planning to build a seabed rare earth exploration vessel to develop marine rare earth resources. At the same time, it is also trying to extract rare earth from waste electronic products, and is rapidly advancing in the technology of recycling and recycling of resources. Unexpectedly, Japan, a rare earth producing country, is the country with the largest reserves of rare earths in the world. As early as 1993, Japan began to establish a rare metal reserve system and base. More than 80% of Japan's rare earth demand depends on imports from China, of which only one-third is used for production, and the rest is used for strategic reserves. Japan's rare earth stock is enough for the country to use for at least 20 years. The alarm bell sounded from the United States, Japan and other countries are not lacking in rare earths. They are only greedy for the cheap rare earth that China has exchanged for its high environmental costs. According to statistics, in 2005, China's rare earth exports were almost 10 times that of 1990 rare earths. However, due to disorderly mining and other reasons, the price was less than half of that in 1990. Due to the large number of disordered mining in the past 50 years, China's rare earth reserves have dropped from about 90% to 30% of the world. Moreover, the low utilization rate of rare earth resources in China is very serious. Taking Baotou Steel Rare Earth as an example: There are data showing that Baotou Steel Rare Earth was put into operation in 1958 and 2008, the Baiyun Obo East Mine mines 15 million tons of rare earth, the utilization rate is less than 10%; the mining volume is 80,000 tons, the utilization rate is only zero. . According to the current mining speed, China's national rare earth resources can only maintain the demand for the next 15 to 20 years, and disorderly mining is in the future. In addition, China's demand for rare earths is also increasing year by year, with annual demand close to 60 million tons. According to this development speed and the current mining speed of China's rare earths, it will not be possible for many years for China's rare earths to be imported from abroad because it is difficult to be self-sufficient. In order to protect the environment and resources from excessive destruction and development, it is imperative to implement strict management systems for rare earths. There is no shortage of international society to compare China's rare earth quota management with the OPEC oil strategy. Energy experts disagree with this view. The industry believes that rare earth and oil are not comparable. Professor Lin Boqiang, director of the China Center for Energy Economics Research at Xiamen University, believes that the example of using the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to ban the oil embargo is completely a misleading example. "First of all, the OPEC has a market share that is not high, but the actual benefits are much higher than before the implementation of the oil embargo. This is determinable. Secondly, China’s rare earths are not enough for future use, so they don’t care internationally. How to find alternatives and new supply channels.†Another view is that “the increasingly fierce competition for rare earths will lead to the emergence of alternativesâ€, a rare earth researcher who wants to be anonymous believes that the future development of the rare earth market ultimately depends on customers. For the downstream application of rare earths, if the difficulty of obtaining rare earths is relatively large, it is inevitable to develop new technologies and find alternatives. Supply problems will certainly arise after a few years because of the scarcity of natural resources. Many countries are now developing magnets that reduce the amount of rare earths or do not use rare earths. China's national rare earth resources can only sustain the demand for the next 15 to 20 years, and disorderly mining is in the future.
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