The use of biological pesticides in flower pests and diseases

Biological pesticides are gaining increasing popularity due to their eco-friendly properties, such as no residue, no pollution, and minimal environmental impact. They have become a trusted choice in the pesticide market globally. Among the most widely recognized biological control agents are bacteria, antibiotics, insect hormones, entomopathogenic nematodes, and insect viruses. **Controlling Leaf-Feeding Pests:** One of the most commonly used biological pesticides is Bt emulsion, derived from *Bacillus thuringiensis*. This bacterial insecticide contains crystal proteins that target the digestive system of pests. When ingested, these toxins cause symptoms like convulsions, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. The affected insects eventually develop black rings on their bodies and die, becoming soft and decomposed. Bt is particularly effective against lepidopteran larvae, including caterpillars, and has a broad spectrum of activity against various leaf-eating pests. Another option is the chlorfenapyr series, a modern insect growth regulator that works by inhibiting chitin synthesis in insect exoskeletons. It acts primarily as a stomach poison but can also penetrate the insect's skin. Chlorfenapyr offers long-lasting effects, low cost, and high safety for both plants and humans. It is resistant to rain and has minimal impact on beneficial insects. Plant-based pesticides are also widely used. For example: - **1% Smoke·Bai·Oil** is an emulsifiable insecticide made from Chinese herbal plants, effective against resistant pests with no residual toxicity. - **Baicao No.1 (0.6% matrine·lactone aqueous solution)** is a botanical formulation that kills pests through contact and ingestion, while promoting plant growth. - **Hundreds of Insects (1.2% smoke·ginseng emulsifiable concentrate)** contains nicotine and matrine, offering multiple modes of action without harming flowers or humans. - **Fruit and Vegetable Net (0.5% alizarin emulsifiable concentrate)** is highly effective, safe, and leaves no harmful residues. **Controlling Sucking Pests:** Fungal pesticides, such as **Quercetin**, are gaining attention for their ability to target aphids and leafhoppers without harming beneficial insects like ladybugs. It works quickly and promotes plant health. **Guard Birds (0.5% cucurbitacin)** is another plant-based pesticide that effectively controls aphids, especially those resistant to conventional treatments. It also has some repellent effect on leafhoppers. Antibiotic-based pesticides, like **Qiqisu (1.8%, 0.9%)**, which contains avermectin, are highly effective against mites and other pests resistant to traditional chemicals. It is safe for beneficial insects and breaks down quickly in the environment. **Liuyangmycin (10% water preparation)** and **Huaguangmycin (2.5% powder preparation)** are new antibiotic acaricides that offer strong protection against mites without polluting the environment or harming beneficial organisms. These products support ecological balance and are ideal for sustainable pest management in flower cultivation.

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