Several unconventional protein materials to be properly treated during the pig raising process
Most unconventional protein feed ingredients contain anti-nutritional factors or toxins that must be properly processed before they can be safely used in animal diets. These ingredients are often by-products of legume seed processing, and their quality and nutritional value heavily depend on the processing methods employed. Key factors such as amino acid digestibility and availability are significantly influenced by these techniques. When replacing soybean meal with these alternatives, it's essential to pay attention to potential amino acid imbalances or deficiencies, especially for limiting amino acids like lysine. Additionally, many of these ingredients have poor palatability, so careful processing and formulation are necessary to ensure optimal performance.
Cottonseed meal is one such ingredient. Its nutritional value is impacted by the presence of gossypol and cyclopropene fatty acids, which can affect its usability. The fiber content varies depending on the degree of shelling. Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in cottonseed meal, and its utilization rate is relatively low. However, it is a good source of tryptophan and methionine, with better absorption than rapeseed meal. It contains less vitamin A and D, and while it has high phosphorus levels, most of it is phytate-bound, making it less available to animals. Free gossypol levels should be monitored, as high concentrations can lead to toxicity. For pigs, high-quality cottonseed meal can replace up to half of the soybean meal, but lysine supplementation is usually required. Poor quality or excessive use may reduce palatability and cause health issues, especially in young pigs or breeding stock.
Peanut meal is another alternative protein source, but it is prone to mold contamination, leading to the risk of aflatoxin. The amount of peanut shells mixed into the meal greatly affects its composition. High shell content increases fiber and reduces energy density, making it unsuitable for high-energy feeds. Peanut meal has a unique protein profile, dominated by water-insoluble globulin, which differs from soybean protein. It is low in lysine and methionine but high in arginine and histidine. Oleic acid makes up a large portion of its fatty acid content. While it’s rich in several vitamins, calcium and phosphorus levels are high, with most phosphorus being phytic. Trypsin inhibitors are also present, but they can be neutralized through heat treatment.
In pig diets, peanut meal is well-accepted in terms of palatability, but its value is lower than soybean meal due to its low lysine and energy content. It can replace up to one-third of soybean meal in growing pigs, but excessive amounts may negatively affect meat quality, causing softer fat. Therefore, it’s best to limit usage to no more than 10%.
Shrimp powder, shrimp shell powder, crab powder, and crab shell powder are also used as protein sources. Shrimp powder contains about 40% protein, though some of it comes from chitin, which is not easily digested. Shrimp shell powder is mainly composed of calcium carbonate and chitin, with the latter being nutritionally insignificant. These products also contain fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids, choline, phospholipids, and cholesterol. Similar characteristics apply to crab-based products. In growth and finishing pig diets, up to 5% of shrimp or crab powder can be added, offering benefits over traditional meat and bone meal. However, due to high ash and chitin content, energy levels are low, requiring additional energy and balanced calcium-phosphorus supplementation.
Meat and bone meal, along with meat powder, are common protein sources, though they are generally considered inferior to plant-based options. They are rich in calcium and phosphorus but lack essential amino acids like lysine and tryptophan. Excessive heating during processing can reduce amino acid availability. They are high in B12, niacin, and choline but low in vitamins A and D. Their amino acid profile can vary widely depending on the source, especially if they contain high levels of keratin or connective tissue. These ingredients are typically used at low levels (under 5%) in pig diets, as higher amounts may reduce palatability and growth performance, particularly in young animals.
In conclusion, unconventional protein feed ingredients can offer economic benefits when used appropriately. However, improper application can lead to serious consequences, including reduced performance, health issues, or even toxicity. Careful evaluation, proper processing, and balanced formulation are essential to maximize their value in animal nutrition.
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