Several unconventional protein materials to be properly treated during the pig raising process
Most unconventional protein feed ingredients contain anti-nutritional factors or toxins that must be properly processed before they can be safely used in animal diets. These ingredients are often by-products of legume processing, and their nutritional value is highly dependent on the processing method, especially regarding amino acid digestibility and availability. When replacing soybean meal with these alternative sources, it's important to pay attention to amino acid balance and potentially supplement for limiting amino acids. Additionally, many of these ingredients have poor palatability, so careful processing and formulation are necessary to ensure optimal performance.
Cottonseed meal is one such ingredient. Its nutritional value is influenced by the levels of gossypol and cyclopropene fatty acids, as well as the fiber content, which varies depending on how well the seeds are shelled. It is relatively low in lysine, which is the first limiting amino acid, and its utilization rate is not very high. However, it is a good source of tryptophan and methionine, with better utilization than rapeseed meal. Cottonseed meal also contains less vitamin A and D, and its mineral content includes more phosphorus than calcium, mostly in the form of phytate. For pigs, high-quality cottonseed meal can replace up to half of soybean meal if lysine is supplemented. However, if the quality is poor or the substitution rate is too high, it may reduce palatability and even cause toxicity due to gossypol. Therefore, it should be used cautiously, especially in young pigs and breeding animals.
Peanut meal is another alternative protein source. It is prone to mold contamination and can produce aflatoxins, making quality control essential. The presence of peanut shells significantly affects its composition, increasing fiber content and reducing energy density. Peanut meal has a unique protein profile, with high levels of arginine and histidine but lower levels of lysine and methionine. Its fat content is mainly composed of oleic acid, and it is rich in several B vitamins. However, it also contains trypsin inhibitors, which can be neutralized through heat treatment. In pig diets, peanut meal is generally palatable but has lower nutritional value compared to soybean meal. It can replace up to one-third of soybean meal in growing pigs, but excessive amounts may lead to softer fat and reduced meat quality. Therefore, it is best limited to no more than 10% of the diet.
Shrimp and crab by-products, such as shrimp powder, shrimp shell powder, crab powder, and crab shell powder, are also used in animal feed. Shrimp powder contains about 40% protein, but much of it comes from chitin, which is not easily digested. Shrimp shell powder is primarily made of chitin and calcium carbonate, with only small amounts of usable protein. These ingredients are rich in choline, phospholipids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, but they are low in energy and high in ash. When included at around 5%, they can improve feed performance, especially in growth and finishing pigs. However, care must be taken to balance calcium and phosphorus and provide adequate energy.
Meat and bone meal, along with meat powder, are traditional protein sources. They are high in calcium and phosphorus but have a poor amino acid profile, particularly low in lysine and tryptophan. Excessive heating during processing can further reduce their nutritional value. These ingredients are commonly used in pig feed but should be limited to below 5% to avoid negative effects on palatability and growth. They are not recommended for piglets due to potential digestive issues.
In summary, unconventional protein feed ingredients can offer economic benefits when used correctly. However, improper application can lead to serious consequences. Therefore, it is crucial to understand their characteristics, process them appropriately, and formulate balanced diets to maximize their value while ensuring animal health and performance.
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