Feed formula design method
The formulation of feed can be done using either a manual calculation method or a computerized algorithm. Among these, the manual method based on a calculator is more commonly used, especially in rural areas. The trial and error method and the cross method are widely applied. The trial and error approach is one of the most popular techniques for designing feed ratios in small-scale farming settings. It allows for the calculation of various nutritional indicators without being limited by the type of raw materials used. This method is simple to learn and does not require advanced equipment—only paper, pen, and a calculator. It is particularly suitable for calculating the proportions of complete feed and concentrate feed for farmers in rural regions.
However, this method has its limitations. It involves a significant amount of computation and often requires multiple iterations to achieve a balanced formula. This process can be somewhat random and time-consuming, making it less efficient compared to more systematic approaches.
**Trial and Error Method Matching**
First, based on experience, an approximate proportion of each raw material is estimated. Then, the percentage of each nutrient in the raw materials is multiplied by their respective ratios. These values are summed up to determine the total nutrient content in the feed. The result is then compared with the feeding standards. If any nutrient is lacking or exceeds the required level, the corresponding ingredients are adjusted and recalculated until the results align closely with the desired standards.
**Detailed Steps for Feed Ratio Using the Trial and Error Method**
1. Before formulating the feed, define the feeding target and establish the appropriate feeding standard.
2. Based on the feeding standard, select available raw materials and determine their nutrient content from the nutrient composition table.
3. Formulate the feed formula. Energy and protein levels are two of the most critical factors in complete compound feed, especially for growing and finishing pigs. Energy and protein typically account for about 98% of the feed’s composition. Therefore, before finalizing the formula, it's essential to determine the relationship between energy requirements and protein content. Usually, these two parameters are set at around 96%, leaving approximately 4% for other minerals or additives. This approach simplifies the process by focusing on the main nutrients first, allowing for easier adjustment of other components like minerals, amino acids, and trace elements.
After the initial formula is created, iterative calculations are performed. The results are carefully compared with the feeding standards, and adjustments are made until the formula meets the desired nutritional requirements.
4. Add minerals. When supplementing minerals, phosphorus should be considered first, as sufficient calcium must be present alongside the correct amount of phosphorus. Once phosphorus is added, calcium becomes easier to calculate. For salt content, it can be calculated based on the feeding standard, and its presence in the feed is usually not taken into account unless specified.
5. Add amino acid supplements. Finally, the addition of amino acids can be determined based on the specific needs of the animals. In large-scale formulas that use corn and soybean meal as primary ingredients, the amount of amino acids needed can be calculated according to the feeding standard. Common amino acid supplements include lysine and methionine, and their addition ratios can be calculated accordingly.
This method, while time-consuming, provides a practical and accessible way for farmers to create balanced feed formulas tailored to their livestock's needs.
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