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Long-term shallow tillage and mechanical field operations will compact the soil and form a hard, dense, viscous plow floor at a distance of 16-25 cm from the surface to prevent rain and water seepage. Deep ploughing loose soil is to use the deep-slung machinery to plow the bottom of the plough to create a loose and deep tillage layer, the depth should be about 30 cm. Deep ploughing of loose soil should take time to carry out, and the best effect is carried out in summer, and spring ploughing should be shallow. After ploughing the loose soil, it will be smashed in time to make the soil smooth and fine. Generally, after deep tillage, the water content of the cultivated layer can be increased by 10-30%.
2. Repression, protection
When the surface soil moisture content is 10-20%, pre-sowing suppression is beneficial to seed emergence and surface preservation. The dry land should be simmered before freezing, or at this time, when the soil is thawed in the early spring, it will be simmered. Excessive wetland or saline-alkali soil with large soil water content should not be pre-sowed or post-sowed.
3. Farming protection
During the growth of the crop, the soil can cut off the soil capillary, inhibiting the rise of water and reducing evaporation. At the same time, it can kill grass, store volts and rain, cultivate soil to resist lodging, loose soil, and is conducive to root growth.
4. Less tillage and no-tillage
For less tillage, it is cultivated by means of sowing, rotary tillage and so on. The no-till method is to directly sow the land after the harvest of the former crop, and spray the herbicide after sowing. This method is generally used in combination with straw and plastic film covering technology.
The method of less tillage and no-tillage should be carried out in combination with surface operations such as slashing and cultivating. No-tillage and deep tillage should be flexibly controlled according to the soil conditions required for crop growth. For example, early spring solanaceous vegetables and legumes are deeply fertilized before planting, and if they are planted with beans or leafy vegetables, no-till sowing can be used.
Second, farmland coverage, water conservation and conservation 1. straw coverage
It can play the role of protecting, keeping warm, promoting roots, inhibiting grass and fertilizing. Spread the whole crop stalk or stalk into small pieces of 3-5 cm and spread evenly between plants and between plants. The amount of coverage should be moderate, and the amount of too small will not increase the yield of the seedlings; if the amount of coverage is too large, the phenomenon of seedlings and seedlings may occur, and the seedlings will be affected. The coverage per acre is about 400 kilograms, whichever is tight. Straw coverage should also have a good coverage period. For example, ginger should be covered in the seedling stage after sowing, and removed when the temperature drops in the middle of September. Summer and autumn garlic can be covered during the whole growth period. Summer maize is best covered by jointing stage.
Before covering, the straw should be turned over, and the insects should be weeded and weeded in time.
2. Film mulching
Use colorless, transparent, ultra-thin plastic film, water should be poured before filming, enough to plant, apply enough fertilizer, and level the land. After sowing, mechanically or manually lay the film, pay attention to straighten the film surface, and compact the soil around the film. After the ground temperature rises, it is necessary to punch holes in time to let the seedlings out. After planting the membrane first, the planting hole should be sealed after planting. Covering the mulch film during the whole growth period in arid areas, it can save 100-150 cubic meters per acre and increase production by more than 40%. After the crop is harvested, the residual film should be recovered in time.
Third, chemical drought-resistant water-saving agent - fa (dry land dragon)
Fa is a chemical drought-preventing water-saving agent made of natural yellow humic acid as the main component and added to some nutrients needed for plant growth, codenamed fa, commonly known as dryland dragon.
It can be sprayed, seeded and soaked. Spraying on the leaf surface of the crop can inhibit the opening of the pores on the leaf, reduce the transpiration of the plant water along the small hole, promote the root system, absorb the deep soil moisture and nutrients, and play a drought-resistant role; used for seed dressing and soaking seeds. It can increase seed germination rate and emergence rate, promote root development, and improve crop early resistance.
Seeds after soaking and mixing should be finished within 24 hours; spray is best selected when there is no wind in the dry season, if it is raining 4 hours after spraying, it needs to be re-sprayed; the dosage should be strictly controlled according to the product manual. Can not be too low or too high. After spraying fa, normal irrigation should be carried out when there are irrigation conditions.
4. Suitable water planting According to the local water resources, select crop varieties that consume less water and drought, adjust the agricultural planting structure, and rationally arrange the planting area of ​​various crops. In areas where water resources are scarce, according to the characteristics of precipitation, the crop planting structure should be rationally arranged, the multiple cropping index should be lowered, and the crop rotation should be rationally changed, and reasonable intercropping should be carried out, such as planting beans, sweet potatoes and other drought-tolerant crops.
I. Tillage and water conservation 1. Deep ploughing and soil conservation
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